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  • International Standard ISO 4406 International Standard ISO 4406Hydraulic fluid power - Fluids - Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the code to be used in defining the quantity of solid particles in the fluid used in a given hydraulic fluid power system.2 Normative ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems9. Reports of Electrostatic Ignitions9.1 The mechanisms for electrostatic ignitions in petroleum fuel systems can be very different. The amount and type of information reported is critical for the proper analysis of ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems8. Additives8.1 Mechanism of Operation:8.1.1 Conductivity improver additives increase the conductivity of fuels and increase the rate of charge dissipation, that is, decrease the charge relaxation time, resulting in ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems7. Possible Approaches to Electrostatic Charge Alleviation7.1 A number of approaches to alleviate electrostatic charging problems are described in Refs (1, 2, 7, 8, 9). These approaches try to reduce or eliminate charge ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems5. Background5.1 Ignition Principles:5.1.1 For ignition to occur, it is necessary to have an ignition source of sufficient energy and a mixture of fuel and air in the flammable range. The boundaries of the flammable ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems4. Significance and Use4.1 Pumping, filtering, and tank filling of petroleum products, particularly refined distillates, can cause the generation and accumulation of electrostatic charges and can result in static discharges ...
  • ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Sy ASTM D4865 Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems1. Scope1.1 This guide describes how static electricity may be generated in petroleum fuel systems, the types of equipment conducive to charge generation, and methods for the safe dissipation of such charges. This guide ...
  • ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon FuelsASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)12. Report12.1 Net heat of combustion is the quantity required in practical applications. Both gross and net heat are ...
  • ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon FuelsASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)11. Calculation11.1 Temperature Rise Isoperibol Method - Using data obtained in Section 10, plot a graph of readings ...
  • ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels ASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon FuelsASTM D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)10. Procedure10.1 Turn on the apparatus. Make all electrical connections and open the water lines.10.2 Before beginning, ...